Background and Aims Recent accumulating evidence indicates the biological actions of autotaxin (ATX) in liver disease. However, the relationship between ATX and liver failure has not been reported. The present study aimed to examine alterations of serum ATX in acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) and evaluate whether serum ATX could be useful as an early warning biomarker of ACLF. Methods Serum ATX was measured in 50 patients with hepatitis B-related ACLF, 14 patients with alcohol-related ACLF, 11 patients with hepatitis B-related pre-ACLF, 11 patients with alcohol-related Child-Pugh A cirrhosis, 39 patients with hepatitis B-related Child-Pugh A cirrhosis, 26 patients with chronic hepatitis B, and 38 healthy volunteers by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Serum ATX level was significantly higher in the pre-ACLF group than in the Child-Pugh A cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B groups but lower than in the ACLF group; furthermore, patients with pre-ACLF deteriorated to ACLF had significantly higher serum ATX levels than pre-ACLF patients that did not progress to ACLF. Serum ATX levels were significantly higher among male ACLF patients with preclinical infection, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or pneumonia, as compared to patients with ACLF but no spontaneous bacterial peritonitis or pneumonia. Serum ATX levels were well correlated with serum biochemical parameters of liver function and model for end-stage liver disease score. Serum ATX ? 584.1 ng/mL was a poor prognostic factor for ACLF (hazard ratio of 4.750, 95% confidence interval of 1.106-20.392, p=0.036). Conclusions Serum ATX level may be a useful early warning biomarker for ACLF.Background and Aims Hepatocellular iron accumulation in patients with chronic liver disease has been linked to adverse outcomes. The objective of this study was to identify clinical factors associated with hemosiderosis. Methods A total of 103 consecutive liver transplant recipients were identified, in whom liver biopsy had been performed prior to transplantation. Laboratory and clinical data at biopsy and transplant were abstracted from the medical records and hepatocyte iron was graded in the biopsy and explant. The association of change in iron score from biopsy to transplant, with the time interval between these two events, was examined using linear mixed model analysis for repeated measures. Results Most subjects had advanced fibrosis (F3-F4) at liver biopsy, which was performed on average about 2.5 years before transplant. Over 80% of patients had no or 1+ hepatocyte iron at biopsy; iron increased between biopsy and transplant in about 40%. The only demographic or clinical feature that correlated with increased iron was the presence of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Increased iron at transplant was associated with higher serum iron and transferrin saturation at biopsy, and with lower hemoglobin level, greater mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, higher ferritin and model for end-stage liver disease score at transplant. Conclusions The development of hemosiderosis in end-stage liver disease is associated with lower hemoglobin levels and alterations in red blood cell indices that are suggestive of hemolysis. These observations suggest that extravascular hemolysis may play a role in the development of secondary iron overload.?Metal chelation has found many applications that directly affect human's life.?Natural siderophores are one of the most potent chelators for Fe (III)?1-Hydroxypyridine-2-one (1,2-HOPO) (Fig. 1a), which is shown in 4-carboxy-1-hydroxypyridin-2-one (1,2-HOPO-4-COOH) (Fig. 1b), is a moiety that electronically resembles the hydroxamate group found in natural siderophores (Fig. 1c). Of note, 1,2-HOPO moiety is present in the natural siderophore cepabactin [1]?Synthesis of 1,2-HOPO containing chelators has been carried in solid phase using carboxylic acid derivatives of 1,2-HOPO and required the protection of the reactive hydroxyl group usually with benzyl group (Bzl). https://www.selleckchem.com/products/dnqx.html After the peptide elongation, the Bzl group has been removed on the same solid phase using a bit harsh conditions 0.1 M BBr3 in DCM for 60 min [2], 10% HBr in AcOH for 14 h [3]; in solution 1 M BCl3 in DCM for 2 d [4], 50% HCl in AcOH for 4 d [5], H2-Pd/C, AcOH-MeOH [6].?First of all, a method for the incorporation of the 1,2-HOPO-4-COOH through its carboxyl group into the peptide backbone without protecting the N-OH is proposed (the presence of the carboxyl group facilitates the attachment).?Furthermore, in the cases that Bzl protection is required for the N-OH, a friendlier method for removing the Bzl is described. The removal of the Bzl is done concomitantly to the global deprotection and cleavage of the peptide from the resin using TFA- TFMSA-H2O (831).Existing literature suggests that one reason why incumbent firms fail at radical business model innovation is the existence of cognitive barriers, such as a dominant core business logic. Such a dominant logic may result in organizational tensions, when a new logic emerges. In a related article in Technological Forecasting &amp; Social Change, we argue that differences in strategic issue identification and interpretation can help to explain the cognitive barriers in this context. In the present article, we propose and demonstrate a 7-step Delphi based method to elicit and examine differences in the perception of industry trends, comparing innovators, core business employees, and external experts. We use the case study of a leading Nordic insurance firm to illustrate the method. Therefore, in this article, we?Suggest that differences in strategic issue identification and interpretation can explain the cognitive barriers that emerge when incumbent firms try to engage with radical business model innovation.?Propose a Delphi-based method to elicit and examine differences in the perception of industry trends, comparing innovators, core business employees, and external experts.?Demonstrate the method on a case firm from the insurance industry, in a way that can easily be replicated in future studies.